The Correlation Between Domestic Violence And Post...

The Correlation Between Domestic Violence and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Domestic violence is a horrific circumstance that is an ongoing issue to the public health of the world. Affecting the lives of millions annually by psychologically crippling the minds of the affected through chronic exposure to abuse. According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (2014), 1.3 million women are subjected to this devastating situation. â€Å"No such global estimate was applicable for men† (Trevillion, Oram, Feder, Howard, 2012). Stated by (Trevillion, Oram, Feder, Howard, 2012) that prolonged duration of an abusive relationship marks the onset and duration of mental disorders such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Women affected by continuous abuse by their partner are three to five times more likely to experience PTSD symptoms than the general population. (Rose et al., 2010). With time an abused women level of depression decrease with lessened abuse, but PTSD continues long after the abuse has stopped. According to Rose et al. (2010) â€Å"66% of the abused women continued to have symptoms of PTSD despite being absent from the abusive relationship for an average of nine years (range 2-23)†. Individuals particularly women affected by domestic violence indicate a high correlation of diagnosed PTSD clients. Justifying the need to give support to the victims of domestic violence and continue to seek further understanding of PTSD. By identifying children being exposedShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explore all five of these effects of domestic violence on childrenRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment For War Veterans1564 Words   |  7 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for war veterans Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that may develop after experiencing or seeing a traumatic or a brutal life threatening event. It is increasingly on the rise in war veterans. For those with PTSD only 53 percent have seen physicians or a mental health care provider. And for those who sought out care, roughly only 50 percent received adequate treatment when returning from combat. Although there are many treatmentsRead MoreDepression : The Most Common Type Of Mental Disorder1126 Words   |  5 Pagespartner violence in many families; however, the adverse effect of the abuse on its victims is more troubling (Kim Kahng, 2011). Depression is the most common type of mental disorder that victims of intimate partner violence suffer from (Kim Kahng, 2011). Statistics Canada (2014) reported that in addition to physical abuse, victims also suffer from psychological effects consistent with mental health disorders. Furthermore, the increase in psychological abuse in intimate partner violence increasesRead MoreBattered Women Syndrome1311 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is often perceived as males projecting physical abuse to female victims which overlooks the psychological abuse that they also experience (Carlson and Worden, 2005). Jill is a domestic violence survivor who filed a restraining order against her husband. Jill remained with her husband despite being abused because she felt threatened to leave the relationship. Her behavior triggered battered-women syndrome. Battered- women syndrome refers to the male batter’s violent behavior patternsRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Battered Women800 Words   |  4 PagesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Battered Women Summary Barbai, Ben-Shakhar and Shalev (2007) conducted a research study to investigate the role that learned helplessness (LH) played in the length and severity of violence towards the female population as well as the severity of symptoms and diagnosis of major depression (MDD) and Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) on women who had been exposed to domestic violence for a long period of time. The study took place with 101 batteredRead MoreThe Negative Results of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence 979 Words   |  4 Pages The phrase â€Å"domestic violence† typically refers to violence between adult partners. Sadly, it has been estimated that every year between 3.3 and ten million children are exposed to domestic violence in the confines of their own home (Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa et al. 2009). According to research conducted by John W. Fantuzzo and Wanda K. Mohr (1999): â€Å"Exposure to domestic violence can include watching or hearing the violent events, direct involv ement (for example, trying to intervene or callingRead MoreThe Theory Of Domestic Violence Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesby adversity, a victim of domestic violence with one misstep can eradicate his/her own life. Domestic Violence is a human tragedy, and has been a part of life for many individuals. It is not subjective to a particular group, race, or culture. Historically, the feminist movement preserved the theory that domestic violence is a growing matter because of the continuous power differential between the male gender and the female gender. Remarkably, this approach on domestic disputes unveiled the innerRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Abuse On The Lives Of People Around Them2774 Words   |  12 Pagesa form of domestic violence, which is all too common in American families. â€Å"Intimate partner violence is one of the most common causes of injury in women. In several large studies in US accident and emergency departments, 11-30% of injured women whose mechanisms of injury and relationship to the perpetrator had been recorded had been battered† (Campbell, 2002, p. 1331). In almost 20 percent of all marriages, couples slap, shove, hit, or otherwise assault each otherâ₠¬  (Domestic Violence, n.d.). Read MoreDomestic Violence and What It Takes to Break Free1301 Words   |  5 Pagestime!†, reports Lilly, a prior victim of domestic violence. Nevertheless, Lilly is not the only to have suffered from domestic violence. As a matter of fact, according to The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, â€Å"more than 1 in 3 women (35.6%) and more than 1 in four men (28.5%) in the United States have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime.†(2010, pg. 2) Many people find domestic violence difficult to understand because its usuallyRead MoreSocial Issues In The Glass Castle702 Words   |  3 Pageswere several different social issues to be presented in this movie (Cretton 2017). These issues that Jeannette has to overcome are the medical problems, the horrid living conditions, homeliness, the witness of alcohol abuse of her father, the domestic violence, sexual abuse of her brother, lack of education and the hunger the whole family faced. Poverty is referred to as the lack to provide for one person’s basic needs like food, medical attention, shelter and clothing. This movie really shows the

The Biology of Wetlands Free Essays

The term â€Å"wetlands† is often associated with the image of the coastal marsh – a muddy area that is teeming with a variety of animal life and emergent vegetation such as mangroves, rush and cord-grass. But wetlands are actually areas that are characterized by the formation of hydric soils and the existence of flora and fauna due to the presence of standing water during all or part of the year (Spray and McGlothlin, xiii). Some wetlands cover hundreds or thousands of square kilometers and are therefore homes to a wide variety of plant and animal life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Biology of Wetlands or any similar topic only for you Order Now General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class) iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/general-biology-ii-study-guide-online-class/embed/#?secret=qsVNmoes3J" data-secret="qsVNmoes3J" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Examples of wetlands include the Florida Everglades, the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Mekong Delta and the Danube Delta (Van der Walk, 1). At present, there is no universal classification scheme for wetlands. However, wetlands are usually categorized according to their hydrologic flow regimes, vegetation types and hydrogeomorphology. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), for instance, classifies wetlands according to four major types – marshes, swamps, bogs and fens. This basic but simplified scheme was intended to â€Å"(promote) understanding (of) the diversity of wetland ecosystems† (Spray and McGlothlin, xiv). Marshes are regions whose soil is either periodically or continually inundated with water. Mashes are classified into two types – tidal and non-tidal. Tidal marshes are found in areas that have erratic soil moisture due to ocean tides but do not experience heavy wave action. Tidal marshes can be freshwater, brackish or saline. Non-tidal marshes, on the other hand, are freshwater or brackish marshes that undergo episodes of drought (Spray and McGlothlin, xiv). Swamps are wetlands that are characterized by saturated soils during the growing season and standing water at other times of the year. Consequently, swamps are home to many species of plants and animals. The Great Dismal Swamp, a 109-acre forested wetland situated between northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia, is dominated by bald cypress, tupelo, red maple and black gum. It is likewise the habitat of animals like the white-tailed deer, river otter, bats, raccoons, mink, black bear, bobcat, snakes, turtles and at least 200 bird species (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Unlike marshes and swamps, bogs are wetlands that possess various types of soil and vegetation. Some of the substances found in bogs are peat deposits, acidic water and sphagnum moss. Furthermore, bogs derive their hydration mostly from precipitation instead of from groundwater, streams or runoff – they are therefore sometimes referred to as precipitation-dominated wetlands. Examples of bogs include pocosins (evergreen-shrub bogs located in the southeastern United States) and northern bogs (found in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions of the United States) (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Akin to bogs, fens are wetlands known for their peat deposits. What differentiates fens from bogs, however, is that the former receive their water supply from groundwater inputs instead of from precipitation. Furthermore, fens have less acidic water and higher nutrient levels than bogs (Spray and McGlothlin, xv). Wetlands play many important roles in preserving the Earth’s ecosystem. Scientists refer to wetlands as the â€Å"kidneys of the Earth† – they filter the water that moves through them of pollutants such as toxins and organic and inorganic nutrients. Wetlands therefore have high levels of sediment-water exchange and mineral uptake, which, in turn, render it suitable for plant and animal life. Wetlands likewise acquire sediments and particles by decreasing the flow velocity of the running water which enters them (Spray and McGlothlin, xvi). Other functions of wetlands include providing flood control, preventing coastal erosion and serving as a critically important habitat for plants and many endangered species. As of 2000, wetlands made up about 3. 5% of the land area of the United States and were the primary habitat of around 50% of the 209 animal species that were listed as endangered 1986. Scientists and environmentalists thus argue that the preservation of wetlands is crucial for environmental health – wetland ecosystems are neither artificially created nor easily regenerated (Spray and McGlothlin, xvi). Wetlands are home to many species of plants – the former are sometimes classified according to the types of hydrophytes present in them. There are three kinds of hydrophytes – submersed, emergent and obligate. Submersed refers to plant species that are completely submerged. Emergent (also known as terrestrial) is identified with plants whose stems and roots are found underwater, but reaches to or above the surface. Obligate (also known as facultative) pertains to plants that thrive both in wetlands and in certain upland habitats (Dennison and Berry, 57). Wetland plants play a key role in the survival of wetland ecosystems. Most wetland animals, as well as many non-wetland ones, depend on wetland plants as their primary food source. Wetland plants also assist in the thermoregulation of many wetland animals and provide cover from predators. When wetland plants undergo decomposition by fungi and bacteria, they immediately become a source of nutrients for animals and other wetland plants (Dennison and Berry, 59). Wetland plants, specifically seed-producing ones, are very important in the regeneration of wetlands after periods of drawdown and drying. Read also Lab 2 Biology Other groups of organisms that inhabit wetlands, such as algae, fungi and bacteria, are also crucial for the survival of wetland ecosystems. Apart from making nutrients available to other organisms by decomposing dead plant and animal material, they likewise enable wetlands to survive certain weather and climatic conditions. The blue-green algae, for instance, may form a â€Å"periphyton† mat which has the capacity to withstand prolonged periods of drought. Consequently, the presence of a periphyton layer is considered as a possible sign that an area is a wetland (Dennison and Berry, 60). During the winter, many wetlands are transformed into valuable wildlife habitats. Evergreen forested wetlands (cedar swamps), for example, are the winter homes of deer and moose. Black ducks live in northeastern coastal marshes during the winter, while other waterfowl consider bottomland hardwood swamps as their winter refuge. In the Upper Midwest, migratory waterfowl start arriving in pothole wetlands even before winter starts. Male red-winged blackbirds are among the first migratory birds that return to freshwater marshes in the Northeast for the winter (Tiner, 28). In the winter and early spring, floodplain forested wetlands become important fish habitats. During these seasons, various fish species use the flooded wetlands either as spawning areas or nursery grounds. Some amphibians, however, start breeding in vernal pool wetlands in the northeastern United States even before winter begins. At the start of the year, the Jefferson salamander is the first amphibian to breed in vernal pools. According to animal experts, it â€Å"migrates over the snow on rainy nights in late winter to slip into the pond (vernal pool) through cracks in the ice† (Tiner, 28). But there is likewise significant breeding activity even before the start of winter. Marbled salamanders, for instance, migrate to dry vernal pools in the Northeast from late August to October. Males leave sperm sacks at the bottom of the pools for the females to fertilize their eggs with when they later arrive. The fertilized eggs are then left beneath leaf litter or rocks in the pool. The eggs hatch in the fall, with the larvae feeding on aquatic invertebrates (Tiner, 28). The pitcher-plant bog crayfish is another animal species which share the same type of life history requirement. They are active from late fall to late spring – periods when Mississippi’s pitcher-plant bogs are flooded. Pitcher-plant bog crayfishes begin to mate in the late spring, with the females retaining the fertilized eggs before depositing them in the flooded bogs in the winter (Tiner, 28). Apart from the suitability of breeding sites, other factors that control the distribution of animals within wetlands include the level of protection from predators, the speed of travel within a certain area and the availability of particular food sources (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 19). Some wetland animals thrive in most wetland habitants. Examples of these are the tiger salamanders, American toads, painted turtles and snapping turtles. This flexibility is required in order to meet changing requirements over their life cycles (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). Some animals, however, require very specific environments for feeding or nesting. Wet prairies, for instance, have tall and dense grass vegetation. In addition, they thaw and dry up earlier than deeper wetlands. Consequently, wet prairies are characterized by an abundant food supply and a grass cover that provides excellent protection against predators. Birds that live in wet prairies include ground-nesting birds like the northern harrier, short-eared owl, savannah sparrow, swamp sparrow and the common yellowthroat. The short-tailed shrew and the Franklin’s ground squirrel, meanwhile, are some examples of the mammals that live in wet prairies (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). Sedge meadows thaw early and remain moist even in summer, turning it into another early source of food and protection. Large sedges and grasses provide a close canopy but an open understory, allowing animals to move about more freely while keeping them protected from predatory birds (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 20). The aforementioned wet prairie birds can also nest in sedge meadows, along with other birds such as American bittern, common snipe, sedge wren, marsh wren and LeConte’s sparrow (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). Other mammals are likewise drawn to sedge meadows because of the latter’s reliable invertebrate populations. The masked shrews and the pygmy shrews, for instance, feed on plants and seeds that inhabit sedge meadows. Meadow voles, on the other hand, can be found on the moist parts of the meadow due to their diet of rushes, sedges, grasses, insect larvae and fungi. Meadow jumping mice have a diet that adapts to seasonal changes – invertebrates in the spring and seeds, fruits and fungi during the summer. Although chorus frogs thrive in different wetland habitats, they breed only in those with a lush growth of lushes, sedges and grasses – the vegetation effectively conceals their mating call against predators (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). Shallow emergent marshes are characterized by dense vegetation and prolonged standing water. As a result, they provide effective concealment and reliable source of food. Shallow emergent marshes are inhabited mostly by birds that build nests that are either floating on water or are anchored on emergent vegetation. The horned grebe, eared grebe, least bittern, Virginia rail and American coot are some examples of birds that inhabit shallow emergent marshes (Galatowitsch and Van der Valk, 21). It is often said that everything in this planet is interconnected. A seemingly â€Å"useless† insect may actually turn out to be an important cross-pollinator. A huge, leafy but fruitless tree might be the only source of food for animals in the forest during the summer season. A bacterium living in the ocean could have the capacity to filter the latter of pollutants. Thus, it is very important that wetlands be preserved. Although they may appear to be large mud puddles with lush vegetation, wetlands are in truth home to various organisms that depend on each other to sustain life on this planet. The extinction of wetlands, therefore, will spell the end of many plants and animals on which humans are dependent on for survival. How to cite The Biology of Wetlands, Papers

Benefits of using an Online Accounting Software Tool

Question: Discuss about theBenefits of using an Online Accounting Software Tool. Answer: Introduction Modern corporate organisations operate in different types of sectors have relentlessly tried to improve the functioning management. Therefore, management of business accounting has been one of the major priorities for most of the firms. The reported paper has developed to analyse the role of cloud-based online accounting software tool in the business management of Brickworks Building Products, a Wollongong, New South Wales based building material supplier company (Brickworks.com.au, 2016). Precisely, MYOB, XERO and Zoho Books have been identified as the targeted online accounting software to be reviewed. Meanwhile, the traditional manual accounting system can be recognised as one of the issues for financial reporting and other accounting tasks. As a result of the scenario, small organisations have relied on cloud-based accounting system tools to minimise the cost and improve the productivity. Apparently, the report has been structured to evaluate various economic transactions to be p erformed by a small suppliers company (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). Also, the study shows the benefits of the online accounting system over the manual accounting system. Various Economic Transactions and Events Transaction in an organisation is termed as economic events that take place when monetary exchange is done within or outside the organisation. There are different types of economic transactions and events that occur in an organisation like Brickworks Building Products. Hence, it is important for the accountants to note down the economic transactions in order to analyse the financial position of the company after the end of the financial period (Joia, 2013). Some of the examples of economic transactions and events that can be recorded through the online accounting solution include buying of materials, wage payments of the employees and applying overheads to the inventories to calculate the cost of goods sold. Along with that, the online accounting software helps to automatically calculate the tax amounts that are needed to be paid to the government (Fanning, 2015). There are several other economic transactions or events that take place in the organisations. It also include sales of go ods to the customers, providing services to the customers, receiving payments from the customers and making payments to the suppliers. The economic transactions also include recognition of expenses that are incurred by the organisation during the course of its operations (James and Maher, 2016). Hence, it is important for the accountants to record the economic transactions and present the data in an appropriate format to analysis the financial position of the company. Benefits of Using Online Accounting Software In the section, a brief discussion has been done about the benefits of using online cloud-based accounting software for Brickworks Building Products; a Wollongong, New South Wales based building material supplier company (Brickworks.com.au, 2016). Apparently, online accounting software such as MYOB, XERO and Zoho Books can easily handle a number of accounting tasks and bookkeeping in an accurate order (Growthpath.com.au, 2016). The primary benefits of the online accounting software have been briefed in the underlying section as follows. User-Friendly: Online bookkeeping is user-friendly software to learn in regular business operations. After the installation of the software, it can correctly maintain regular business data such as bank statements and purchase invoice in an automated way (Tilkov, 2015). Security: Security is one of the most evident benefits of using online accounting software. As the online bookkeeping software stores the data in the online cloud storage, security of the data has been the priority for the developers (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). With the proper security system, the software can manage a healthy accounting activity for small business firms. Payroll and Invoicing: Online accounting software has made life easy for the employers in order to fill payroll forms more efficiently instead of the traditional paperwork. On the other hand, online accounting software can generate invoices in a proper order saving both the time and effort. Accuracy: Through online accounting software, the precision of the business computation has been maintained as human errors and mistakes can be avoided. In this way, accounting related calculation issues can be comprehensively done without errors (Turner and Weickgenannt, 2013). Cost saving: Small businesses have run on a tight budget. Therefore, it will be sometimes difficult to hire an accountant claiming a high salary. As a result, online accounting software tool can be the easiest way to deal such issue as it requires one-time investment (James and Maher, 2016). Thus, online accounting system tool can be identified as a cost-saving deal. Predominantly, the small business organisations need to purchase the software or run it on monthly subscriptions. Productive: Online accounting system tool avoids manual paperwork that can become tedious and unproductive to some extent. Apparently, online accounting software helps the accounting employees to fill accounting paperwork in an easier way using the electronic system through a much productive way. Transaction Cycles and Usefulness of Online Accounting Software to Perform Economic Transactions Transaction cycle is a set of economic transactions that takes place on a repetitive manner in a particular accounting period. Most of the economic transactions or events can be aggregated into different categories of transaction cycles that are related to payment of suppliers, sales of goods, payment to employees and payments to other lenders of the organisation (Warkentin, 2012). Two primary transaction cycles that takes place in an organisation like Brickworks Building Products are Sales Cycle and Payroll Cycle. These two transaction cycles are explained in details herein below: Sales Cycle: An organisation receives orders from the customers, examines them for creditworthiness, delivers the goods, provides service to the customers, issues invoice and collects payments from the customers (Pillsbury and Saemann, 2011). Hence, the set of sequential and interrelated activities to sell the building materials is known as sales cycle. Payroll Cycle: On the other hand, Brickworks needs to record the working hours of the employees, verify the time and overtime hours, deduct payroll taxes, calculate gross as well as net pay according to the fixed hourly rates, and issue payments to the employees (Ketelhhn, 2012). Hence, the process of making payments to the employees on a weekly or monthly basis is known as payroll cycle. Online softwares help to manage the sales transactions and payroll transactions by automatically calculating the taxes that are to be paid to the government. The final amount to be received from the customers and the net wages to be paid to the employees can be automatically calculated using the online accounting software like MYOB3 (Ketelhhn, 2012). For example, the accountants just need to enter the fixed wage rates and any deduction that are needed to be made from the gross salary of the employees at the beginning of the accounting year. After the completion of the payroll period accountants needs to enter the individual working hours and the final calculation is automatically made by the software. On the other hand, sales transactions are automatically recorded by just entering the quantity of product, price of product, name of the vendor and any extra discount amount (Warkentin, 2012). Furthermore, the money paid or received and the goods sold out from the inventory are automati cally recorded in other ledgers of the organisation by using the online accounting software like MYOB3. Hence, it can be seen that software like MYOB3 is quite useful for Brickworks Building Products to record its transaction cycles. Risks Associated with Using Manual Set of Accounting Books Maintaining a manual set of accounting books can be a tricky task in the contemporary business scenario. Herein, the risks associated with using a manual set of accounting system have been described below. The risk of exposing the associated operation cost: Due to manual handling of an accounting system, there is always a risk of exposing the associated operation cost of the business. Hence, monitoring of the conventional accounting system is required on a regular basis to avoid such issues (Bragg, 2013). Understandably, business firms depend on its accounting personnel so that business costs can remain secret. Errors and manipulation: Manual accounting system can be filled with human errors as accounting paperwork can be a tedious task, to say the least. Hence, an organisation can lose significant cash due to a mistake made by the accountant. On the other side, there is a chance that the accounting data can be manipulated (Chen and Bahsoon, 2016). Meanwhile, such risks have always been there associated to the manual set of the accounting system. Reporting issues: One of the biggest issues of manual accounting system is fact-finding and reporting. Due to manual search and review, making forecast and spotting opportunities can be unpredictable. Hence, reporting of financial facts and assumption can be severe issues attached to the manual set of the system. Conclusion Through the above discussion, it is clear that cloud-based online accounting software can run the financial accounting of a small organisation in a safer way, to say the least. Due to easier accessibility and security, authorised personnel can use the software whenever requires. As a result of the scenario, accounting activities, payrolls, invoicing, financial reporting, and job management can become easier than the conventional bookkeeping system. Convincingly, cloud-based online accounting system tool can also restrict the risks of exposing the associated costs of operations of a business. Primarily, leading to the study, it can be identified that online accounting management software can provide human errorfree and secure accounting system at a cost-efficient comportment. References Bragg, S. (2013).Accounting best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Brickworks.com.au. (2016).Brickworks Limited |. [online] Available at: https://www.brickworks.com.au/IRM/content/default.aspx [Accessed Oct. 2016]. Byrd, M. and Megginson, L. (2013).Small business management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Chen, T. and Bahsoon, R. (2016). Self-Adaptive and Online QoS Modeling for Cloud-Based Software Services.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp.1-1. Fanning, K. (2015). Benefits of Using a Single-Account Cash Management Structure.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 27(1), pp.35-39. Growthpath.com.au. (2016).Review of Cloud Accounting (Xero, Saasu, MYOB Essentials, QuickBooks) | Business IT. [online] Available at: https://www.growthpath.com.au/Business-IT/review-of-myob-liveaccounts-and-xero-accounting-in-the-cloud.html [Accessed Oct. 2016]. James, D. and Maher, W. (2016).7 accounting packages for Australian small businesses compared: including MYOB, QuickBooks Online, Reckon, Xero. [online] BIT. Available at: https://www.bit.com.au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses-compared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx [Accessed Oct. 2016]. Joia, L. (2013).IT-based management. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Ketelhhn, W. (2012). The missing link in the solutions business: Managing flows through business systems.European Management Journal, 10(1), pp.10-21. Pillsbury, C. and Saemann, G. (2011). Using Commercial Accounting Software To Illustrate Accounting Information Systems Topics.RBIS, 1(1), p.1. Tilkov, S. (2015). The Modern Cloud-Based Platform.IEEE Software, 32(2), pp.116-116. Turner, L. and Weickgenannt, A. (2013).Accounting information systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Warkentin, M. (2012).Business to business electronic commerce. Hershey [Pa.]: Idea Group Pub.